Fig 1: Sub-clustering analysis of keratinocytes identifies major keratinocyte subtypes in epidermis.a t-SNE plot represents subtypes of keratinocytes merged from HC, DLE and SLE by Seurat packages. Diff kera-1–6: differentiating keratinocyte subtype 1–6; Basal kera-1, 2: basal keratinocyte subtype 1, 2; Channel-related kera: channel-related keratinocyte; Cycling kera: cycling keratinocyte; CCL20+ kera: CCL20+ keratinocyte subtype; Terminal diff kera: terminally differentiating keratinocyte subtype. b A bar plot shows the cell proportions of each sample group in labeled keratinocyte subtypes. c Stacked violin plots represents the expression levels of the selected genes used for defining keratinocyte subtypes. d A heatmap displays the top 10 differentially expressed genes in each subtype of keratinocytes. e Immunofluorescence staining represents the expression of CCL20 (red) and KRT10 (green) in the epidermis of HC, DLE, and SLE. KRT10 staining represents keratinocytes. Scale bar: 100 µM. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments. f A bubble diagram shows the Gene Ontology (GO) biological process (BP) terms enriched in expanded keratinocyte subtypes. g Trajectory plot shows pseudotime trajectory analysis of selected keratinocyte subtypes by Monocle2. Different colors represent keratinocyte subtypes. The arrow indicates a possible differentiation direction. h A heatmap shows gene clusters with differentiation states that were predicted by pseudotime trajectory analysis. The color represents the levels of given gene expression. The arrow indicates a possible differential direction. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.