Fig 2: Effect of pretreatment with vehicle or BW-CO-111 (0.1 mg/kg) administered 30 min prior aspirin (125 mg/kg, i.g.) on alterations in Cox1 (A), Cox2 (B) mRNA, COX1 (C, E), COX2 (D, E) proteins expression and the mucosal concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, F). Results are mean ± SEM of 5 rats per experimental group. Red line indicates baseline value of mRNA expression in healthy gastric mucosa without any treatments (Intact). *P < 0.05 compared with healthy gastric mucosa; **P < 0.05 compared with respective values obtained in vehicle-pretreated group.

Fig 3: Esophageal expression of iNOS (A), nNOS (B), COX-1 (C), COX-2 (D) mRNA, TRPV1 protein (F), and PGE2 concentration (E) in esophageal mucosa of rats pretreated i.g. with vehicle or tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer (CORM-2, 2.5 mg/kg) and exposed to 4 h of reflux esophagitis (RE). Intact refers to healthy esophageal mucosa not exposed to RE. Results are mean ±SEM of 5 rats per each experimental group. Results are expressed as fold change of normalized esophageal mucosal iNOS and nNOS mRNA expression. Asterisk indicates a significant change as compared with respective values obtained in intact esophageal mucosa, not exposed to RE (p < 0.05). Cross indicates a significant change as compared with the values obtained in the vehicle-pretreated group exposed to RE (p < 0.05).

Fig 4: Cox1 (A), Cox2 (B) mRNA, COX1 (C, E), COX2 (D, E) proteins expression and prostaglandin E2 content (PGE2, F) in gastric mucosa of rats pretreated i.g. with vehicle or BW-CO-111 (0.1 mg/kg) and administered 30 min later with 75% ethanol. Results are mean ± SEM of 5 rats per experimental group. Red line indicates baseline value of mRNA expression in healthy gastric mucosa without any treatments (Intact). *P < 0.05 compared with healthy gastric mucosa; **P < 0.05 compared with vehicle.

Fig 5: The oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler FCCP reduces sperm motility and ATP content. (A–D) Motility parameters of dairy goat sperm using CASA: (A) motility tracks were generated using CASA. (B) Motility of sperm of dairy goats. (C,D) Progressive motility and straight line velocity of sperm of dairy goats. (E–G) Effect of FCCP on sperm mitochondrial functions: (E,F) opening fluorescence intensity of mPTP in mitochondria and (G) ATP content. (H–L) Expressions of COX-1, COXVB, ND3, and NRF1 determined using Western blotting after treatment with FCCP for 5 h. All results are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean, with asterisks indicating statistical significance for the respective control group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. ns, no significant difference.