Fig 1: Cytokines produced by activated T cells promote production of IL-6 and IL-27 by CAF. IL-6 production a) by five independently generated NSCLC CAF lines co-cultured with either PBMCs only (+PBMC), with PBMCs +anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies (+PBMC+STIM) or with PBMC+anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies and neutralizing cytokines to IFN-? and TNF-a. b) IL-6 production by CAF cultured in the presence of conditioned media from anti-CD3 stimulated tumor infiltrating T cells (TCM) pre-incubated with neutralizing antibodies to either IFN-?, TNF-a or both IFN-?/TNF-a. c) IL-6 production by CAF in response to rIFN-?, rTNF-a (each at 25 ng/ml) or a combination of rIFN-? and rTNF-a. d) IL-27 production in cultures of PBMC stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 alone or when in co-culture with CAF. E) IL-27 production by seven independently generated NSCLC CAF lines stimulated with rIFN-? or rTNF-a (both used at 25 ng/ml) or a combination of IFN-? and TNF-a. Results are pooled from three experiments. One-way ANOVA was used for all statistical analysis with Tukey’s multiple comparisons posttest (* P = <0.05, ** P = <0.01, *** P = <0.001, ****P = <0.0001)