Fig 1: PF127 hydrogel loaded with BMSC-CTNNB1-Exos induces the alveolar bone regeneration in rats. (A) In vivo TPEF recording of the distribution of PKH26-labeled Exos implanted at different time points and quantitative analysis. n = 3. (B) The micro-CT scanning images focusing on the second mandibular molar (red frame) and the quantitative results of alveolar bone defects in rats treated with PF127 hydrogel@BMSC-CTNNB1-Exos. n = 6. (C) The positive expression of RUNX2, OCN, IRAK1, and TRAF6 in new bones detected by immunohistochemical staining. The black arrows indicate dark brown particles, which represent protein positive staining. n = 6. * p < 0.05 vs. the PF127 hydrogel group. # p < 0.05 vs. the PF127 hydrogel@BMSC-NC-Exos group.
Fig 2: CTNNB1 induces the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by regulating the miR-146a-5p/IRAK1/TRAF6 axis. BMSCs were cultured with PM and OM and treated with oe-CTNNB1, miR-146a-5p inhibitor, sh-IRAK1, or sh-TRAF6. (A) ALP staining for BMSCs and the quantitative results. (B) Alizarin red staining for BMSCs and quantitative results. (C) RT-qPCR detection of RUNX2 expression in BMSCs. (D) OCN expression in BMSCs determined by RT-qPCR. * p < 0.05 vs. the oe-NC + inhibitor NC + sh-NC group. # p < 0.05 vs. the oe-CTNNB1 + inhibitor NC + sh-NC group. & p < 0.05 vs. the oe-CTNNB1 + miR-146a-5p inhibitor + sh-NC group. Cell experiments were independently repeated three times.
Fig 3: Effects of the PF127 hydrogel-loaded BMSC-CTNNB1-Exos on the osteogenic differentiation of the BMSCs. (A) ALP staining and quantitative results of BMSCs cultured with PM and OM in response to PF127 hydrogel@BMSC-CTNNB1-Exos. (B) Alizarin red staining and quantitative results of the BMSCs cultured with PM and OM in response to PF127 hydrogel@BMSC-CTNNB1-Exos. (C) RT-qPCR detection of RUNX2 expression in BMSCs cultured with PM and OM in response to PF127 hydrogel@BMSC-CTNNB1-Exos. (D) OCN expression in BMSCs cultured with PM and OM in response to PF127 hydrogel@BMSC-CTNNB1-Exos determined by RT-qPCR. * p < 0.05 vs. the PF127 hydrogel group. # p < 0.05 vs. the BMSC-NC-Exos group. & p < 0.05 vs. the PF127 hydrogel@BMSC-NC-Exos. Cell experiments were independently repeated three times.
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