Fig 2: Exemplary histological images of the distribution of anti-inflammatory CD163-positive macrophages (A–D) and pro-inflammatory CD11c-positive macrophages (E–H) (red staining) within the implant beds of the three membranes within the subcutaneous connective tissue (CT) at day 90 post implantationem. (A) BM = Bovine membrane, (B) JM = Jason® membrane, (C) BG = Bio-Gide® membrane, (D) Sham operation group without biomaterial insertion (CD163-immunostainings (A–D) and CD11c-immunostainings (E–H), 200× magnifications, scalebars = 200 µm).

Fig 3: Results of the histomorphometrical analysis of the occurrence of pro- and anti-inflammatory cells (* = interindividual significances, # = intraindividual significances, # p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, ***/### p < 0.001). PAP: porcine aortic patch, BPP: bovine pericardial patch, blue: PAP-CD163, red: BPP-CD163, blue patterned: PAP-CD11c, red patterned: BPP-CD11c.

Fig 4: Results of the histomorphometrical analysis of the (A) total occurrence of macrophages and (B) of the CD163- and CD11c-positive macrophages after implantation of both biomaterials within the subcutaneous connective tissue (* = interindividual significances, # = intraindividual significances).

Fig 5: Results of the histomorphometrical analysis of (A) the bony regeneration and (B) the occurrence of CD163- and CD11c-positive macrophages within the cavarial bone defects (* = interindividual significances, # = intraindividual significances).