Fig 1: Multiplexed immunostaining of representative control (A, D, and G), nonfibrotic (B, E, and H), and profibrotic COVID‐19 hearts (C, F, I, and K), showing HSP47 (heat shock protein 47), CD163, and collagen α 1(l) (Colα1[I]) expression in myofibroblasts and macrophages.Cardiomyocytes are marked by gray (cardiac muscle troponin T [cTnT]; Abcam, number ab8295), and nuclei are visualized by royal blue 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) (fluorescent DNA stain) (Akoya Biosciences, number FP1490) staining. C, We observed increased HSP47+ (cyan blue; Santa Cruz, number SC‐5293) and CD163+ (white; Leica Biosystems, number NCL‐L‐CD163) in COVID‐19 profibrotic samples. F, Extracellular matrix deposition of Colα1(I) (red; Abcam, number ab138492) is increased in profibrotic COVID‐19 samples. I, HSP47, DAPI, cTnT, and CD163 merged with Colα1(I). J, Secondary antibody (ab) alone showed no fluorescence. K, Myofibroblasts were identified by a second protein, periostin (Sigma, number HPA012306).
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