Fig 1: A subpopulation of tumor cells express HLA class II in NSCLC.UMAP projections showing the expression of a HLA-I and HLA-II in the CD45− fraction. HLA-I and II expression was measured by summing the expression of all the individual genes assessed in the locus. b Comparison of HLA-II and CD74 (invariant chain) expression (R = 0.751, unadjusted p = 0, Pearson correlation test). c Boxplots show the log-transformed expression of the individual HLA-II genes assessed (p = 1.01 × 10−178, Kruskal–Wallis, n = 1377 cells). The box represents the interquartile range, with the center line at the median. The whiskers extend up to 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR). d Representative multiplex immunofluorescent staining of CD8 (blue), CD4 (red), GZMB (green), PanCK (magenta), HLA-DR (cyan), and DAPI (gray) in an NSCLC tumor (n = 2). Overlay without DAPI is shown for CD8, CD4, and GZMB, and for PanCK and HLA-DR, along with the corresponding H&E. Scale bar, 25 μm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.