Fig 2: Effects of ES proteins from T. spiralis on M1 and M2 marker expressions in peritoneal macrophages. Primary macrophages were derived from cells in the peritoneal cavity and were cultured for 24 h in media. The gene expression levels of M1 and M2 markers were analyzed via real-time PCR (A–G). CON, cell culture medium; LPS, LPS (100 µg/mL) treatment; ES, ES proteins (1 µg/mL) treatment; LPS + ES, LPS and ES treatment; IL-4, IL-4 (20 ng/mL) treatment; IL-4+ ES, IL-4 and ES treatment. LPS and IL-4 served as M1 and M2 positive control. The cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis with antibodies specific for phosphorylated forms of IRF3 and total forms of IRF4 and ARG1. The blot was re-probed with an antibody to ß-actin as a control. These figures are representative of three independent experiments (areas of the detected bands were determined and compared by using Image J software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA) Statistical analysis was performed with Student’t t-test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; n = 3–5 mice/group; these results are representative of three independent experiments).