Fig 2: Effects of GFW on cleaved caspase-3 positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus CA2 of hyperglycemic rats. (a), (d) Normal; (b), (e) hyperglycemia; (c), (f): treated with GFW 4 g/kg of hyperglycemic rats. The arrow was showing the cleaved caspase-3 positive cells. (g) Bar chart of cleaved caspase-3 positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus (CA1, CA2, and CA3) of normal rats, hyperglycemic rats, and hyperglycemic rats treated with GFW (1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 g/kg). ***P < 0.001 versus normal group. # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001 versus hyperglycemia group (n = 6 in each group). Scale bar = 50 µm.

Fig 3: Effects of GFW (1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 g/kg) on expression of caspase-3 (b), Bax (c), Bcl-2 (d), and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (e) in the hippocampus of hyperglycemia rats. Bars represent the mean ± SE from three independent experiments. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared to hyperglycemia group (n = 6 in each group).