Fig 2: Effects of the repeated administration of NVP CXCR2 20 (NVP; 10 µg/5 µl; i.t.; 16 h and 1 h before CCI and then once a day for 7 days) on the protein levels of CXCR2, IBA1, GFAP, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3 proteins (A–I) in the spinal cord (A–F) and DRG (G–I) on the 7th day after CCI in rats. The data are presented as the mean fold changes relative to the control ± SEM (5–6 samples per group). Intergroup differences were analyzed using ANOVA with Bonferroni's multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 indicate differences vs. naive rats. #p < 0.05, indicate differences between V-treated and NVP-treated rats. CCI, chronic constriction injury; N, naive; V, vehicle; NVP, NVP CXCR2 20.

Fig 3: Effects of on NVP CXCR2 20 levels of the CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3 proteins (A–F) in primary rat microglial (A–C) and astroglial (D–F) cell cultures. Samples were analyzed 24 h after cells were stimulated with LPS. The data are presented as the fold change relative to the control and relative protein levels. Fold change relative to control: the Western blot data are presented as the means ± SEM and represent the normalized averages derived from analyses of 3–4 independent experiments. Intergroup differences were analyzed using ANOVA with Bonferroni's multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 indicate differences in comparison with the control group (vehicle-treated non-stimulated cells); #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 indicate differences between vehicle-treated and NVP-treated LPS-stimulated cells. Relative protein level: Inter-group differences in relative protein level were analyzed using a t-test. ###p < 0.001 indicates differences compared to the vehicle-treated LPS-stimulated cells. LPS-, vehicle-treated non-stimulated cells; NVP-, NVP-treated non-stimulated cells, LPS+, vehicle-treated LPS-stimulated cells; NVP+, NVP-treated LPS-stimulated cells. In (D–F) the blots are cropped which was shown with a dotted line on the representation bands below the figures.

Fig 4: Effects of single administrations of CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3 (A–F) on nociceptive transmission in naive mice. The effects of single intrathecal administrations of CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3 (2, 400, or 800 ng/5 µl) on mechanical hypersensitivity (von Frey test, A–C) and thermal hypersensitivity (cold plate test, D–F) were measured at 1.5, 5, and 24 h after administration. Data are presented as the means ± SEM (6 mice per group). The results were evaluated using one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni's test for comparisons of selected pairs measured separately at each time point. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 for the comparison of vehicle-treated naive animals with all groups at the indicated time points. Additionally, the results were evaluated using two-way ANOVA to determine the time × drug interaction (please see results in Chapter 3.3). V, vehicle.