Fig 1: Spatial cell–cell communication differential analysis among seven spot clusters. (A) Fourteen spatially common differentially expressed ligand–receptor (L–R) signalling pathways between primary and recurrent bladder tumour. (B) Gene ontology functional enrichment analysis of spatially differentially expressed L–R genes. (C and D) Two representatively L–R genes (COL4A1 and SDC1) expression levels were imputed by BayesSpace. (E) Featured scanned slides of tumour regions of primary and recurrent tumours. The indicated colours represent different markers. Bar = 50 µm. (F) Cytokeratin-19 was used to distinguish tumour and mesenchyme regions. (G) Quantification results of SDC1 and COL4A1 colocalisation in tumour and mesenchyme. Student's t-test was conducted. * p < .05; ns: not significant.