Fig 1: Validation by Western blotting of some protein markers identified by mass spectrometry: (a). Alpha-1-B Glycoprotein (A1BG) and (b). Haptoglobin-related protein (HPR). Representative immunoblots and densitometric analysis for each protein are shown. Ponceau S staining was used for normalization of the proteins’ levels. Western blot analysis of serum exosome lysates demonstrated protein level alterations in A1BG and HPR in the GDM vs. CG comparison. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired Student’s t test, and the results were expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD); * p ? 0.05. CG: control group (n = 6) and GDM: gestational diabetes group (n = 6).