Fig 2: Anti-PSA-NCAM immunofluorescence signal density in the hippocampal regions: (a) dentate gyrus molecular layer (DG-ML), (c) hilus of the dentate gyrus DG-hilus), (e), CA1 stratum lacunosum-moleculare (CA1-SRLM), and (g) CA4 pyramidal layer (CA4-PL) in individual experimental groups (WT = wild-type mice, SCA1 = SCA1 mice, 0 = saline, E = edaravone). (b,d,f,h) The posterior probability distribution for fold differences (FDs) between compared groups in PSA-NCAM density in the DG-ML, DG-hilus, CA1-SRLM, and CA4-PL, respectively. Curves represent the posterior probability distribution, and lines below the curve show the 95% credible interval for the FD. The exact values for the estimated FD and its credible interval are shown in brown color (top), and the probability of direction is shown in purple color (right). (i,j) Example of anti-PSA-NCAM immunofluorescence in the hippocampus of a WT and a SCA1 mouse, respectively.

Fig 3: Oxygen-glucose deprivation-stimulated brain endothelial cells convert astrocytes into neural progenitor cells.a Morphologic changes of same astrocytes (AC) at day 0, day 1, day 2 and day 3 post cultured in conditioned neuron media collected from normal neurons (Neuron-con) or OGD-stimulated neurons (Neuron-ogd). b Morphologic changes of same AC at day 0, day 1, day 2 and day 3 post co-cultured with normal pericytes (PCcon) or OGD-stimulated pericytes (PCogd). c Morphologic changes of same AC at day 0, day 1, day 2 and day 3 post co-cultured with normal brain endothelial cells (ECcon) or OGD-stimulated brain endothelial cells (ECogd). d Representative immunostaining of DCX, PSA-NCAM and GFAP in AC or at day 3 post AC co-cultured with ECcon or ECogd. e mRNA levels of Nestin, DCX, TUJ1 and Glast at day 1 post AC co-cultured with ECcon or ECogd; n = 3 biologically independent samples; p < 0.0001. f mRNA levels of Nestin, DCX, TUJ1 and Glast at day 3 post AC co-cultured with ECcon or Ecogd; n = 3 biologically independent samples; p < 0.0001. g mRNA levels of Notch signaling-related genes at day 1 post AC co-cultured with ECcon or ECogd; n = 3 biologically independent samples. h mRNA levels of Notch signaling-related genes at day 3 post AC co-cultured with ECcon or ECogd; n = 3 biologically independent samples. p = 0.0077 for Notch1; p = 0.0017 for Dll1; p = 0.0007 for RBP-J?. Experiment was repeated independently 3 times with similar results (a–d). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni adjustment. Scale bar, 50 µm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.