Fig 2: Protein expression levels of the hippocampus (A) and cortex (G) in quantifying relative NMDAR1 (B,H), NMDAR2ß (C,I), calmodulin (D,J), CaMK II (E,K), and CREB (F,L) in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats treated with alpha-lipoic acid for 13 weeks. Normal, Normal diet; DM, high-fat diet (HFD; 60% fat) with STZ (30 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) induced diabetic rats; DM + Pio, DM rats gavaged with pioglitazone (30 mg/kg body weight) for 13 weeks; DM + ALA50, DM rats gavaged with ALA (50 mg/kg body weight) for 13 weeks; DM + ALA100, DM rats gavaged with ALA (100 mg/kg body weight) for 13 weeks; DM + ALA200, DM rats gavaged with ALA (200 mg/kg body weight) for 13 weeks. Values were calculated as the mean ± SEM, n = 6 for each group. a–c letter is significantly different among all samples tested (p < 0.05).