Fig 1: Effects of 10-DHGD administered either individually or combined with tramadol on renal oxidative and antioxidant markers in experimental rats for 45 days (A–D). Control: normal chow-fed rats received vehicles for 45 days; Tramadol: rats received tramadol HCl (20 mg/kg body weight) i.p. and daily for 45 days; 10-DHGD: rats received 10-dehydrogingerdione (10 mg/kg) orally and daily for 45 days; 10-DHGD + tramadol: rats received a combination of 10-DHGD and tramadol daily for 45 days; MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GSH: glutathione; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1. Data expressed as mean ± SD, (n = 6/group); a p < 0.05, ? p < 0.001 vs. control; @ p < 0.001 vs. tramadol; ^ p < 0.05, % p < 0.01, # p < 0.001 vs. 10-DHGD + tramadol.
Fig 2: The effect of the P. acacia extract and its isolated compounds (methyl gallate and quercetin) on the levels of (A) HO-1 and (B) VEGF in the hind limb tissue of the experimental rats (n = 8). HO-1 = heme oxygenase-1; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. * Significantly different compared to the normal group, # significantly different compared to the hind limb ischemia control group, ^ significantly different compared to the group treated with the P. acacia extract, $ significantly different compared to the group treated with methyl gallate. Values were considered significantly different at p < 0.05.
Fig 3: Impact of diosmin on the alterations in the kidney levels of HO-1 (A) and Nrf2 (B) induced by gentamicin: Values designates the mean ± SD (n = 6). a: statistically significant from the control group, b: statistically significant from the GNT group, c: statistically significant from the GNT + DIOS group, p < 0.05 determined with one-way ANOVA tailed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Abbreviations: GNT, gentamicin; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; Nrf2, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2; DIOS, diosmin.
Fig 4: Changes in skin protein expression/contents of (A,A*) HMGB-1, (B) TLR-4, (C) NF-?B, (D) Nrf-2, and (E) HO-1 due to the application of standard, S. platensis gel, and nano-S. platensis gel (SPNP-gel); A* is the Western blot result for HMGB-1. The values are presented as mean (n = 8) ± SD and a statistical analysis was carried out using a one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test. As compared with control -ve (X), control +ve (Y), standard (Z), S. platensis gel (?); p < 0.05. Abbreviations: HO-1—heme oxygenase-1, HMGB-1—high mobility group box-1, Nrf-2—nuclear factor erythroid-2, NF-?B—nuclear factor Kappa B, and TLR-4—toll-like receptor. Note: GpI/control negative (-ve): non-wounded rats; GpII/control positive (+ve): untreated wounded rats; GpIII/standard group: wounded rats treated with MEBO®; GpIV/S. platensis gel: wounded rats treated with S. platensis gel; and GpV/nano-spirulina (SPNP)-gel: wounded rats treated with SPNP-gel.
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