Fig 2: E. coli Nissle 1917-FMT ameliorated mitochondrial damage in PCOS mice. (A) Body weight; (B) HE staining; (C) Glucose and INS levels; (D–H) Serum levels of FSH, P, LH, Testo and IL-22 were detected by Elisa; (I, J) Western blot was used to detect the expression of PR-A, LC3II/I, Beclin 1, p62 and cytochrome C in ovarian tissues; (K, L) The MMP level and COX4 expression in granulosa cells was detected by JC-1 method and RT-qPCR; (M) Mitochondrial damage in ovarian tissue was observed by electron microscopy (green arrow marked the damaged mitochondria, red arrow marked autophagosomes). *P<0.05 vs DHEA-induced PCOS-FMT. All data showed as mean ± SD.

Fig 3: EcN improved mitochondrial damage and promoted IL-22 expression in granulosa cells of PCOS mice. (A) Body weight; (B) Estrus cycle determination; (C) Glucose and INS levels; (D) The morphological of ovary was analyzed by HE staining; (E–I) Serum levels of FSH, P, LH, T and IL-22 were detected by ELISA; (J, K) Western blot was used to detect the expression of PR-A, LC3II/I, Beclin 1, p62 and cytochrome C in ovarian tissues; (L) The MMP level in granulosa cells was detected by JC-1 method; (M) The expression of COX4 in granulosa cells was detected by RT-qPCR; (N) Mitochondrial damage in ovarian tissue was observed by electron microscopy (green arrow marked the damaged mitochondria, red arrow marked autophagosomes). *P<0.05 vs Control, #P<0.05 vs DHEA-induced PCOS. All data showed as mean ± SD.

Fig 4: IL-22 was involved in the occurrence and treatment of PCOS. (A) Serum E2, T, ASD, DHEA-S, FSH, LH, and SHBG levels were detected by ELISA; (B) The PR-A expression was detected by western blot; (C) The levels of Glucose, INS, TG, T-CHO, HDL-C and LDL-C were detected by biochemical kit; (D) Serum levels of IL-22, IL-6 and IL-1ß were analyzed by ELISA. *P<0.05 vs Control. All data showed as mean ± SD.

Fig 5: IL-22 mediated EcN ameliorated mitochondrial damage in PCOS mice. (A) Body weight; (B) HE staining; (C) Glucose and INS levels; (D–H) Serum levels of FSH, P, LH, Testo and IL-22 were detected by Elisa; (I, J) Western blot was used to detect the expression of PR-A, LC3II/I, Beclin 1, p62 and cytochrome C in ovarian tissues; (K, L) The MMP level and COX4 expression in granulosa cells was detected by JC-1 method and RT-qPCR; (M) Mitochondrial damage in ovarian tissue was observed by electron microscopy (green arrow marked the damaged mitochondria, red arrow marked autophagosomes). *P<0.05 vs Control, #P<0.05 vs DHEA-induced PCOS, &P<0.05. All data showed as mean ± SD.