Fig 1: SGPA promotes bone formation in vivo. (A) A representative fluorescence image of femur (magnification, 400 ?× ?) after xylenol orange (red) and calcein labelling (green) (n ?= ?6). (B) Dynamic histomorphometric analyses of femur mineral apposition rate (MAR) (n ?= ?6). (C)The levels of bone formation biomarkers (ALP, P1NP in serum) were measured using ELISA kit (n ?= ?6). Data are presented as the means ?± ?S.D., *P ?< ?0.05, **P ?< ?0.01.
Fig 2: SGPA enhances osteoblast activity. (A) The effect of SGPA on cell viability was evaluated using CCK8 assay. (B) MC3T3-E1 cells were maintained for 7 days in osteogenic differentiation medium (ODM) with GPA (50 ?µM) or SGPA (2.5–10 ?µM), ALP enzyme activity was assessed. (C) MC3T3-E1 cells were maintained for 14 days in ODM with GPA (50 ?µM) or SGPA (2.5–10 ?µM). The cells were stained with ALP. (D) MC3T3-E1 cells were maintained for 21 days in ODM with GPA (50 ?µM) or SGPA (2.5–10 ?µM). The cells were stained with Alizarin Red. Data are presented as the means ?± ?S.D. n.s not significant, *P ?< ?0.05, **P ?< ?0.01.
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