Fig 1: Immunofluorescence analysis. (a–c) Images of sinus tissues obtained by surgery for chronic sinusitis of the present case; (d–f) the other case of PCD used as a positive control. Anti-SPEF2 (HPA039606, Atlas antibodies, Bromma, Sweden) (red) is stained with anti-acetylated tubulin (T7451, Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) (green) to visualize the entire ciliary axonemes, and with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (17507, AAT Bioquest, Pleasanton, MO, USA) (blue) to show the nucleus as well. The white arrows and yellow color, indicate the presence of SPEF2 in the cilia in the image of the control (e,f). In (b,c), a lack of SPEF2 expression can be confirmed. Scale bar: 100 µm.