Fig 1: Effect of S1PC on IL-10-induced macrophage polarization in GM-CSF-induced BMDMs. (a) Assay scheme. (b) GM-CSF-induced BMDMs were treated with S1PC (300 µM) in the presence or absence of mIL-10 (30 ng/mL) for 48 h. The populations of M1-like macrophages (CD11b+, F4/80+, CD86+, and CD206- cells), M2-like macrophages (CD11b+, F4/80+, CD86-, and CD206+ cells), and M2c-like macrophages were analyzed using flow cytometry. (c–e) GM-CSF-induced BMDMs were treated with S1PC (300 µM) in the presence or absence of mIL-10 (30 ng/mL) for 48 h. Then, they were washed with PBS and treated with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 16 h. (c) The populations of M1-like macrophages, M2-like macrophages, and M2c-like macrophages were analyzed using flow cytometry. The amounts of (d) IL-12p70 and (e) TNF-a secreted into the culture media were determined using ELISA. Data are shown as mean + SD. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Statistical differences were determined using Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01).