Fig 2: The level of A-SAA derived biomarkers at different HCC BCLC stages. A total of 96 serum samples from stage 0 (n = 11), stage A (n = 31), stage B (n = 28), stage C (n = 21), and stage D (n = 5) were measured and analyzed. (a) Total A-SAA. (b) A-SAA monomer. (c) A-SAA oligomer. (d) PMCA signal. The statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s Post Hoc Test, where P < 0.05 (*) and < 0.01 (**).

Fig 3: ROC curves of A-SAA derived biomarkers in discrimination of all-stage and early-stage HCC in cirrhotic patients with or without low AFP level. (a) Detection of HCC in all cirrhotic patients. (b) Detection of early-stage HCC in cirrhotic patients with low AFP. AUROC value for each curve is shown in parentheses.

Fig 4: DDR-related cytokines derived from glioma cells are synergistic with DDR alterations in vitro and in vivo.(a) Gene expression profiling revealed the associations between DDR-related cytokines and the DDR scores or DDR genes. (b) IHC assays were used to detect the expression level of six cytokines, C5, SAA1, MDK, IL6, VEGFA and TNFSF4 in glioma samples within the different DDR clusters (20×). (c) Western blot validation of DDR-associated protein and cytokine expression levels in LN229, LN229R, HG7, HG7R, GL261 and GL261R cells. (d) ELISA assay revealed differential expression of six cytokines in the medium of LN229, LN229R, HG7, HG7R, GL261 and GL261R cells. (e) Cytokine expression in xenograft gliomas formed by GL261 and GL261R cells was detected by IHC assays (20×).

Fig 5: ROC curves of A-SAA derived biomarkers in differentiating all-stage and early-stage HCC in all patients. (a) Detection of all-stage HCC. (b) Detection of early-stage HCC. AUROC value for each curve is shown in parentheses.