Fig 2: TLR4 and NF–?B pathway activation are involved in tTG-regulated IL-33/ST2 expression. a The protein expression level of TLR4 in indicated mice liver lysates detected by Western blotting is shown on the left panel, and the result of semi-quantitative analysis is displayed on the right panel. b The protein expression levels of p-p65, p-65, p-IKKa/ß and IKK? detected by Western blotting are shown on the left panel, and the result of semi-quantitative analysis is presented on the right panel. c The relative RNA expression levels of IL-33 and ST2 in liver tissue of mice infected with Sj for 6 weeks with or without exposure to the TLR4 inhibitor TAK242 were measured by RTqPCR. Gapdh was used as an internal reference [t-test, **P = 0.0069 (right panel); **P = 0.0057 (left panel)]

Fig 3: tTG knockout down-regulated the expression level of IL-33/ST2. a The protein level of IL-33 and ST2 in mice liver homogenates detected by Western blotting is shown on the left panel, and semi-quantitative analysis is displayed on the right panel. GAPDH was used as a loading control. b, c The protein expression levels and localization of IL-33 (b) and ST2 (c) in mice liver tissue were determined by IHC assay (200× and 400× (insets); scale-bar: 50 µm), and the quantification of the signal using modified H score analysis is shown on the right. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM from 3–6 mice per group. All in vitro experiments were performed three times. Red arrows indicate the Sj eggs (t-test, *P = 0.0360, ****P < 0.0001)

Fig 4: Suppression of tTG activity decreases the expression level of IL-33/ST2. a The protein expression levels of IL-33 and ST2 in mice liver homogenates detected by Western blotting are displayed on the left panel, and the result of semi-quantitative analysis is shown on the right panel. GAPDH was used as a loading control. b, c The protein expression levels and location of IL-33 (B) and ST2 (C) in mice liver tissue were determined by IHC assay (200× and 400× left, scale-bar: 50 µm), and the result of semi-quantitative analysis of the protein signal using modified H score is shown on the right panel. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. All experiments were performed twice or thrice. Red arrows indicate the Sj eggs (t-test, **P = 0.0014, ****P < 0.0001)