Fig 2: miR-335 promotes SG formation, reduces ROCK2 expression and cell apoptosis in serum-free cells. (A) Stimulation for 24 h produced the most obvious SG formation in PC12 cells. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe SG formation. ****P<0.0001 vs. the control group. (B) miR-335 reduced ROCK2 expression and increased TIA1 expression in the serum-free cell model. miR-335 mimic and mimic NC was transfected into cells at a 50 nM final concentration and miR-335 inhibitor and inhibitor NC was transfected at a final concentration of 100 nM in 6-wells plate. Untransfected cells were used as the control group.****P<0.0001 vs. the model group. (C) miR-335 promoted SG formation in the serum-free cell model. *****P<0.0001 vs. the model group. (D) miR-335 suppressed cell apoptosis in the serum-free cell model. The apoptotic rate was detected by flow cytometry analysis using an Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit. ****P<0.0001 vs. the model group. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. One-way analysis of variance test. Each experiment was replicated 3 times. Scale bars, 10 µm. miR, microRNA; SG, stress granules; MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; TIA1, T-cell intracellular antigen-1; ROCK2, Rho associated protein kinase 2; NC, negative control; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate.

Fig 3: ISRIB abrogates CO-mediated SG formation and recovers BLM-induced cellular senescence. (a) WI-38 cells were treated with 40 µM CORM-A1 in the presence or absence of ISRIB (200 nM) for 6 h. Immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect the formation of SGs by visualizing the colocalization of TIA-1(red) and G3BP1 (green). WI-38 cells were pretreated with CORM-A1 (40 µM) with or without ISRIB (200 nM) for 6 h followed by the challenge of bleomycin (25 µg/ml) for 96 h. Then, SA-ß-gal staining (b) and ?-H2AX foci (c) were detected, and immunofluorescence assay (d) was performed to assess the coaggregates of TIA-1 (red) and PAI-1 (green). The mRNA expressions of p21 (e), IL-6 (f), TNF-a (g), and IL-1ß (h) by qRT-PCR. The secretions of PAI-1 (i), IL-6 (j), TNF-a (k), and IL-1ß (l) were detected by ELISA. Quantitative data are expressed as the means ± SD (n = 3 determined in three independent experiments). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.

Fig 4: Tim-3 selectively inhibits the phosphorylation of PKR and eIF2a and decreases the expression of SG markers G3BP1 and TIA-1 in macrophages.(A) Lysates from wild-type (WT) and Tim-3 gene (Havcr2) knockout (Tim-3KO) peritoneal macrophages infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were analyzed by immunoblotting for the indicated proteins. (B and C) Peritoneal macrophages isolated for WT or Tim-3KO mice were infected with or without VSV for 6 hr, and then the cells were immunostained with the indicated antibodies and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Three independent experiments were conducted for all panels.Figure 6—source code 1.TRIM47 knock down increases TIA-1,G3BP1 expression and decrease VSV expression.Figure 6—source data 1.Tim-3 selectively inhibits the phosphorylation of PKR and eIF2a.Figure 6—source data 2.Tim-3 increases the expression of SGs markers G3BP1 and TIA-1 in macrophages.

Fig 5: Tim-3 deficiency upregulates G3BP1 and TIA-1 and protects mice from VSV infection.(A, B, D, E, G, and H) Detection of mRNA transcription of G3BP1 and TIA-1 in organs and peritoneal macrophages by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qPCR) after wild-type (WT) and Tim-3KO mice (n = 5 per group) were intraperitoneally injected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) for 24 hr. (C, F, and I) qPCR analysis of VSV loads in organs and peritoneal macrophages after WT and Tim-3KO mice (n = 5 per group) were intraperitoneally injected with VSV for 24 hr. (J) WT and Tim-3KO mice (~7 weeks old) were intraperitoneally injected with VSV (1 × 108 pfu/g) (n = 10 per group) followed by recording survival of both groups. p<0.01. (K) The lung tissues from WT and Tim-3KO mice (C, F, and I) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and their pathology analyzed in response to VSV. The results shown are representative of three independent experiments. *p<0.05; **p<0.01.Figure 7—source data 1.Tim-3 knowdown increases G3BP1expression in spleen with VSV infection.Figure 7—source data 2.Tim-3 knowdown increases TIA-1 expression in spleen with VSV infection.Figure 7—source data 3.Tim-3 knowdown decreases VSV expression in spleen with infection.Figure 7—source data 4.Tim-3 knowdown increases G3BP1 expression in lung with VSV infection.Figure 7—source data 5.Tim-3 knowdown increases TIA-1 expression in lung with VSV infection.Figure 7—source data 6.Tim-3 knowdown decreases VSV expression in lung with VSV infection.Figure 7—source data 7.Tim-3 knowdown increases G3BP1 expression in peritoneal macrophages with VSV infection.Figure 7—source data 8.Tim-3 knowdown increases TIA-1 expression in peritoneal macrophages with VSV infection.Figure 7—source data 9.Tim-3 knowdown decreases VSV expression in peritoneal macrophages with VSV infection.Figure 7—source data 10.Tim-3 deficiency protects mice from VSV infection.Figure 7—source data 11.Tim-3 knowdown attenuated tissue damage.