Fig 1: MyD88 is required for inflammasome sensing of HIV and HCV.Knockdowns of the TLR adaptors MyD88 (A, B) and TICAM-1 (TRIF, E, F) were generated and confirmed by previously described RNA interference techniques. (*) denotes comparisons with p=0.05 compared to the mock transfected cells. Monocytes in which MyD88 was knocked down were cultured with HIVBaL (solid bars) or HCVSubject 180 (hatched bars) and pro-IL-1ß mRNA transcription measured at 6 h (C, G) and IL-18 secretion measured at 24 h (D, H). Shown are the relative production of pro-IL-1ß mRNA and IL-18 in MyD88 (C, D) or TICAM-1 (G, H) knockdown monocytes normalized to mock transfected monocytes (no siRNA) stimulated with the same viruses. Bars represent the mean ± S.D. for n = 6–9 independent transfection experiments, (**) denotes comparisons with p=0.001 compared to the scramble siRNA transfected cells.