Fig 1: Schematic illustration mechanisms of sperm motility restoration by MSCs upon testicular torsion-detorsion. Testicular torsion-detorsion severely affected sperm motility resulted from loss of ATP, while testicular injection of MSCs increased ATP content in sperm and enhanced sperm mobility by promoting glycolysis process and regulating Akt/GSK axis
Fig 2: Activation of Akt/GSK3 axis by MSCs modulates the expression of Akt and GSK3 expression of testicular torsion-detorsion-treated rats by secretion of stem cell factor. Amount of Akt, GSK3, and their phosphorylated forms in a sperm, b epididymis, and c testis revealed that MSCs reversed the inactivation of Akt/GSK3 caused by testicular torsion-detorsion, particularly in sperm and in testis. d Human stem cell factor (SCF) but not human insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was detectable in testis of testicular torsion-detorsion (T)-treated rats treated with MSCs. Analysis of variance with the Tukey t test. *p < 0.05, n = 3 in each group
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