Fig 1: The effects of tPBM on PTZ-induced neuroinflammation and astrogliosis in the CA3 region. Double immunofluorescence staining of NSE (red) and GFAP (green) in the CA3 illustrates the effect of tPBM on neuroinflammation (indicated by NSE) and astrogliosis (GFAP) and their combination. NSE was stained in the cytosol of inflammatory neurons. Pyramidal neurons were aligned at SP. Neurons located at other layer such as at SO were GABAergic interneurons. Astrocytes were stained for GFAP, and an increase in GFAP immunoreactivity, somata size, and branching indicated astrogliosis. DAPI (blue) was used as a counterstain for the nucleus (scale bar=50 µm). The two images in the lower panel are enlargements of the merged images from the PTZ and tPBM + PTZ groups, respectively. Enlargement: a GABAergic interneuron (labeled “G”) based on the morphology with smaller nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio compared with that of principle cells; the process of an astrocyte (A) was adjacent to the GABAergic interneuron (scale bar=10 µm). Stratum lucidum, SL; stratum radiatum, SR.