Fig 2: Preparation and characterization of PPHNs. (A) Prolonged blood circulation for PBC-bound phage. BCP1-BGL or BGL phages (1 × 109 pfu each), either unbound or pre-bound to PBC, were separately injected into rats and the phage titer in the blood at various time points was determined. Mean ± S.E.M., n = 3, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, with BCP1-BGL prebound compared to BCP1-BGL and BGL prebound compared to BGL. (B) Schematic illustration of PPHNs. PLTs extracted from 1 mL of rat blood were used to prepare platelet membrane nanoparticles (PMNs), followed by incubation with 5.2 × 1012 pfu of phages. PPHNs were isolated through centrifugation, followed by several washes with PBS. (C) TEM images of PMNs (left) and PPHNs (right) negatively stained with uranyl acetate. Scale bar, 100 nm. (D) Detection of expressed CD41, CD42b, CD61 and P8 in PMNs and PPHNs by western blotting with specific antibodies. (E) Dynamic light scattering analysis of PMNs, PPHNs in water. (F) Zeta potential distribution of phage, PMNs and PPHNs. Mean ± S.E.M., n = 3. (G) Release study of phage bound on PPHNs. Mean ± S.E.M., n = 3. (H) Binding of BCP1-BGL phage to PMNs in the presence of increasing concentration of BCP1 peptide. The number of unbound phages was determined after centrifugation. Mean ± S.E.M., n = 3. (I) Thermal stability of PPHNs. Mean ± S.E.M., n = 3.