Fig 2: Cerebral Angiomodulin protein expression is not specific to BBB vasculature and it is highly expressed in the choroid plexus vasculature. a At E14.5–E16.5, AGM (green) was expressed in CNS vasculature (arrows), but this expression was not restricted to BBB-forming vessels as it was also seen in highly permeable vessels of the choroid plexus (arrow heads). This pattern persisted into post-natal stages; at P5 (lower panel) we detected lower AGM levels at cortical BBB vessels in comparison to the persistent high expression in choroid plexus vessels. Choroid plexus AGM expression was detected in all brain ventricles as demonstrated for lateral ventricles (upper panel—E14.5 and middle panel—E16.5) and for third ventricle (lower panel—P5, arrow heads). N = 3 mice; scale bar 100 µm. b Forebrain AGM mRNA levels were evaluated with real-time PCR along embryonic and post-natal development (normalized to CD31 mRNA levels). In the current analysis, the highest AGM levels were detected at E18.5 (P = 0.002). N = 5 mice. c At E18.5, forebrain AGM mRNA levels were significantly higher (~ 16-fold) than lung (P = 0.01) or heart (P = 0.004). N = 4 mice. All data are mean ± sem. Statistical significance determined by an unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test

Fig 3: Angiomodulin protein expression is specific to developing cerebral vasculature and not to highly angiogenic developing vasculature of peripheral organs. a AGM (green) could be detected as early as E12.5 in cortical vasculature (upper panel, arrow heads), co-labeled with CD31 positive endothelium (red). AGM expression was specific to CNS vasculature, as it was not detected in developing peripheral organs such as the heart or liver (middle and lower panels). Merge images includes DAPI nuclei staining. N = 3 mice; scale bar 100 µm for two upper panels and 200 µm for the lower panel. b AGM (green) co-localizes with CD31 positive endothelial cells (red, arrows) and PDGFR-beta pericytes (blue, arrow heads) shown in high magnification confocal imaging of E14.5 cortical vasculature. Scale bar 25 µm