Fig 2: Dietary fatty acids can directly enhance growth factor sensitivity to promote adipose tissue progenitor proliferation. (A) Cd36 mRNA expression in Lin-CD29+CD34+Sca1+ or CD31+ cells sorted by FACS from gWAT of mice fed CD or HFD for 1 week (n = 4 samples/group, each pooled from 2 to 3 mice). (B) Frequency of EdU+ Lin-Sca1+ cells in wildtype (Wt) or Cd36-knockout mice after one week of CD, HFD, and R-HFD with EdU-containing drinking water, determined by flow cytometry (n = 4 mice/group). (C–E) Relative frequency of EdU+ cycling (S/G2/M) Lin-Sca1+ cells in primary cultures from wild type (C,E)) or Wt/Cd36-KO (D) gWAT following treatment with fatty acids (250 µM C16:1, C18:1, C16:0; 100 µM C20:4, C20:5, C22:6) and IGF-1, insulin (50 ng/ml), leptin (20 ng/ml) or GLP-1 (100 nM) as indicated for 16 hours in the presence of EdU [relative to Vehicle (Veh), n = 3–7 independent biological replicates/group, each pooled from >2 mice, except for C20:4, C20:5 and C22:6 (technical replicates, descriptively)]. C16:1: palmitoleic acid, C18:1: oleic acid, C16:0: palmitic acid, C20:4 AA: arachidonic acid, C20:5 EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid, C22:6 DHA: docosahexaenoic acid. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. CD (A,B) or Vehicle (C–E) and #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs. Lin-Sca1+ (A) or Control (C,E) [2-way ANOVA, posthoc Tukey (A,B) or Holm-Sidak (C–E)].

Fig 3: NLK inhibition increases expansion of erythroid progenitors from human and murine models of DBA.a Human cord blood CD34+ progenitors were transduced with lentivirus co-expressing GFP with shRNA against luciferase (shLuc), RPS19 (shRPS19), or RPL11 (shRPL11). After 36 h GFP+ cells were differentiated in erythroid media in the presence or absence of 5 µM SD208 for 15 days. Cells were counted and assessed for cell surface expression of CD235. b Lin-Kit+ hematopoietic progenitors were obtained from three mouse embryos expressing tetracycline-inducible shRNA against RPS19 at day E14.5 or three untreated mice, and thee mature RPL11+/+ or three mature RPL11+/lox mice treated with tamoxifen for eight weeks. Cells were grown in the presence or absence of doxycycline and/or SD208 for 8 days prior to counting and assessing for Ter119 surface expression. Values were expressed as a percentage relative to untreated controls. c, d Intracellular phosphorylation of NLK at Thr298 was determined by capillary electrophoresis using the Peggy Sue™ Automated Western blotting platform. After lysis, 4 µg of protein from the CD235+ population was probed against pThr298-NLK and normalized to GAPDH. Detected NLK phosphorylation is plotted relative to untreated control. e CD34+ HSPCs were isolated from three healthy control and three DBA patient mononuclear bone marrow aspirates by magnetic bead sorting and differentiated in the presence or absence of SD208 for 14 days. After counting the total cell population, the ratio of CD235+ erythroblasts was determined by flow cytometry and number of CD235+ erythroblasts calculated. This was expressed as a percentage of the average number of erythroid cells present in untreated healthy controls. f NLK phosphorylation was assessed by capillary electrophoresis as above. Bars represent means ± SD with individual data points overlaid. Purple depicts untreated controls, yellow depicts controls treated with SD208, red depicts untreated DBA progenitors, while blue depicts DBA progenitors treated with SD208. n = 3 independent experiments performed in triplicate. Statistics: two-tailed Student’s t test, significant *p < 0.05. Also see Supplementary Fig. 8. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Fig 4: Focal injury superimposed upon systemic inflammation induces robust local angiogenesis and produces enrichment of endothelial progenitors at the injury site. a Angiosense IVIS demonstrates increased perfusion to injured hindlimb at 20 h post surgery (representative images from n = 3 per group). b MICROFIL perfusion nano-CT images and micro-CT of mature mice show networks of nascent vessel outgrowth in regions of subsequent HO formation following burn tenotomy (green inset) at 9 weeks. Vessels in the distal hindlimb exhibit dense vascular infiltration (red inset). c FACS gating schema of injury site 2 weeks after burn tenotomy. CD31- Tie2- CD34+ CD133+ endothelial progenitor cells (EPC, blue) identified via R1 + R3. CD31+ Tie2+ CD34- mature endothelial cells (red) identified via R2 + R4. Remaining live events were collected by surface marker depletion. d Proportion of gated EPC and mature endothelium from all live cells as assessed by flow cytometry was quantified at 1 week and 2 weeks post burn tenotomy

Fig 5: Premature downregulation of SATB1 in erythroid progenitors requires miR-30 and miR-34. (A) CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) co-expressing shRNA against a nontargeting sequence or RPS19 were differentiated for 5 days in erythropoiesis-promoting medium, and expression of miR-30 and miR-34 (upper panel) and RPS19 (lower panel) was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) (n = 3). (B) FL CD34+ cells were transduced with mimetics of miR-30, miR-34, or both, along with SATB1 3' untranslated region (UTR)-luciferase. Luciferase activity was assessed at day 5, before cell lysis and qRT-PCR analysis of endogenous SATB1 protein (n = 3 in duplicate). In the upper panel, green bars indicate luciferase activity, while the black bars represent endogenous SATB1 expression. (C) The wild-type 3'UTR of SATB1, along with 3'UTR containing mutations in miR-30, miR-34, or both consensus binding sequences were fused to the luciferase gene. (D) SATB1 3'UTR-luciferase constructs were transduced into fetal liver (FL) CD34+ HSPCs co-expressing shRNA against a nontargeting sequence (left) or RPS19 (right). Luciferase activity was assessed at days 1 and 5 (n = 3 in duplicate). Data are represented as means. *Two-tailed Student t test, significant at p < 0.05. See also Supplementary Figure E3 (online only, available at www.exphem.org).