Fig 2: Plasma concentrations of CCL11 (eotaxin-1) in abstinent alcohol use disorders patients according to psychiatric comorbidity. (A) CCL11 (eotaxin-1) concentrations according to “comorbid substance use disorders”; (B) CCL11 (eotaxin-1) concentrations according to “comorbid substance use disorders” and “sex”; (C) CCL11 (eotaxin-1) concentrations according to “comorbid mental disorders”; (D) CCL11 (eotaxin-1) concentrations according to “comorbid mental disorders” and “sex”; and (E) CCL11 (eotaxin-1) concentrations according to mood disorders, anxiety, psychotic disorders, personality disorders, and ADHD. Bars are estimated marginal means and 95% CI (picograms per milliliter). Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of covariance and *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 denote significant main effect of factors.

Fig 3: Plasma concentrations of CXCL12 [stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)], CX3CL1 (fractalkine), and CCL11 (eotaxin-1) in male Wistar rats exposed to ethanol and acute stress. (A) CXCL12 (SDF-1) and (B) CX3CL1 (fractalkine) concentrations were determined in rats exposed to ethanol (3 g/kg, i.g.) during 4 weeks or vehicle. (C) CCL11 (eotaxin-1) concentrations were determined in rats exposed to ethanol (3 g/kg, i.g.) during 4 weeks or vehicle with/without acute stress before ethanol exposure. Bars are means and SEM (nanograms per milliliter). CXCL12 and CX3CL1 concentrations were analyzed by Student’s t-test and &&p < 0.01 denotes significant differences compared to the vehicle group. CCL11 concentrations were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 denote significant main effect of “stress” and “ethanol exposure,” respectively. (D) CXCL12 (SDF-1); (E) CX3CL1 (fractalkine); and (F) CCL11 (eotaxin-1) concentrations were determined in rats exposed to acute ethanol (3 g/kg, i.g.) at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min after ethanol exposure. Circles are means and SEM (nanograms per milliliter). CXCL12, CX3CL1, and CCL11 concentrations were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 denote significant main effect of “time.” +p < 0.05 and ++p < 0.01 denote significant differences compared to t = 0 min. White circles are means and SEM (nanograms per milliliter) at t = 240 min with no ethanol exposure and concentrations were analyzed by Student’s t-test. &p < 0.05 denotes significant differences compared to t = 0 or 240 min with no ethanol.

Fig 4: Plasma chemokine concentrations in abstinent alcohol use disorders (AUD) patients and control subjects. (A) CXCL8 [interleukin-8 (IL-8)]; (B) CXCL12 [stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)]; (C) CX3CL1 (fractalkine); (D) CCL2 [monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)]; (E) CCL3 [macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1a)]; and (F) CCL11 (eotaxin-1) concentrations according to “history of AUD.” Bars are estimated marginal means and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) (picograms per milliliter). Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 denote a significant main effect of “history of AUD.” (G) CCL3 (MIP-1a) and (H) CCL11 (eotaxin-1) concentrations according to “history of AUD” and “sex.” Bars are marginal means and 95% CI (picograms per milliliter). Data were analyzed by two-way ANCOVA and *p < 0.05 denotes a significant main effect of “sex.” +++p < 0.001 denotes significant differences compared to male AUD patients because there was an interaction of factors.