Fig 2: Cytokines IL-33 and IL-6 are expressed in human EHBDs. (A,B) Human extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and adjacent noncancerous tissue were examined for expression of (A) IL-33 and (B) IL-6R by immunohistochemistry (arrows, epithelial cells; arrowheads, stromal cells; asterisks, BD lumen; scale bars, 100 µm).

Fig 3: ILC2 abundance and IL-33 expression in samples from patients with endometriosis.(A) Representative flow cytometric analysis of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in peritoneal fluid of healthy donors (HD) and patients with endometriosis (EMS). (B) The number of ILC2s in EMS (n = 5) and HD (n = 3). The P value (P = 0.14) for this comparison is shown. (C and D) Representative images of immunofluorescence staining demonstrating colocalization of IL-33 to epithelial cells (cytokeratin+) and to stromal cells (vimentin+), respectfully, in the endometriotic lesion microenvironment (n = 3). Scale bars: 100 µm (first image, C and D); 150 µm (second, third, and fourth image, C and D). Mean ± SD. Nonparametric Student’s t test with Mann-Whitney.

Fig 4: Cell cycle and differentiation status in vivo in esophageal tissue. (A–D) Immunofluorescence of esophageal biopsies from control individuals (top row) or patients with active EoE (bottom row). Nuclei are indicated by DAPI staining (blue). Green and red indicate staining with the indicated antibodies. The white dashed lines indicate the basement membrane. Scale bar is 20 µm. White asterisks indicate cells with high expression of PCNA. Images are representative of biopsies from 3–6 patients with active EoE and 3–6 control individuals. (E) Quantification of the number of IL-33–positive basal layer cells from active EoE biopsies with strong expression of the indicated marker from (A–D). Mean ± standard error of the mean is depicted. DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; pH3, phospho-histone H3; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen.

Fig 5: Cell cycle status of IL-33–expressing esophageal cells ex vivo. (A–C) Immunofluorescence of ex vivo–cultured primary esophageal epithelial cells. Nuclei are indicated by DAPI staining (blue). Green and red indicate staining with the indicated antibodies. Images are representative of three independent experiments. (D) Quantification of the percentage of IL-33–positive primary epithelial cells with strong expression of the indicated marker. Mean ± standard error of the mean of cumulative data from three independent experiments is depicted. Scale bar is 20 µm. DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; gIL-33, goat anti–IL-33 antibody; mIL-33, mouse anti–IL-33 antibody; KRT, keratin; pH 3, phospho-histone H3; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen.